Svante+August+Arrhenius


 * __Svante August Arrhenius __**

__**Personal History**__    On February 19th, 1859, in Wijk Sweden, a great scientist was born. Svante August Arrhenius moved to Uppalsa with his family in the year 1860, where he would eventually attend Cathedral school. Arrhenius began reading at the age of three, and already showed in interest in mathematics. His interest in math began by watching his father add columns of figures. He graduated from high school being the youngest and brightest from his class.

In 1879 he entered the University of Uppsala where he started his study of mathematics, chemistry and physics. Not inpressed with the pratical intruction in physics he swiched to Stockholm to study under the instruction of Professor E. Edlund at the Academy of Sciences 2 years later in 1881. After assisting Edlund in his work on electromotive force measurments in spark discharges, he soon decided to move on to move on to intrests of his own. In 1884 he created a thesis "Investigation on the galvanic conductivity of electrolytes." From this results he concluded a theory that he is best known for today, __**"electrolytes, when dissolved, in water, become to varying degrees split or dissociated into electritcally opposite positive and negative ions.**__" To explain his theroy more clearly here is a quote (http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/arrhenius.htm) :

//"The degree to which this dissociation occurred depended above all on the nature of the substance and its concentration in the solution - being more developed the greater the dilution. The ions were supposed to be the carriers of the electric current, e.g. in electrolysis, but also of the chemical activity. The relation between the actual number of ions and their number at great dilution (when all the molecules were dissociated) gave a quantity of special interest ("activity constant")."// - He died at Stockholm on October 2, 1927, and is buried at Uppsala  

  __Accomplishments,__   <span style="color: rgb(17, 90, 47); font-size: 200%; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">__Discoveries, and Contributions__ <span style="color: rgb(13, 135, 46)"><span style="color: rgb(32, 223, 101)"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(25, 134, 37); text-align: center; font-size: 200%">   <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">As stated above he is best known today for his theory : <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">__**"electrolytes, when dissolved, in water, become to varying degrees split or dissociated into electrically opposite positive and negative ions."**__ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block"> He has also been recognized by the professional societies and the Nobel Prize committee. He had determined the conductivity of many electrolytes and planned his dissertation proposal by the age of 24. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">

A possible format for his data: ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">0.001 M ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">0.005 M ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">0.01 M ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">0.1 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block"> M ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">0.5 M || ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">41 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">20 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">6.5 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">4.6 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">2.0 || ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">377 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">373 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">360 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">351 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">327 || ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">75 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">72 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">64 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">61 ||= <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">49 || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block"> (this is taken directly from source) <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block"> Arrhenius was able to conclude from the above statements that "molecule breaks apart into a positive fragment and negative fragment, called ions, by it's interaction with the solvent." Arrhenius was a tad before his time thinking like this, but as time passed he was soon able to spread the concept of dissociation by talking with other chemists. His data is still applicable to ours today, out data still supports the concept that ionic and polar covalently bonded substances dissociate in water.
 * = <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">Electrolyte
 * = <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">Acetic acid
 * = <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">Hydrochloric acid
 * = <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">Sodium acetate
 * //From this data he noted://**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">The resistance of an electrolyte is increased when the dilution is do <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">ubled.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">In very dilute solutions the conductivity is nearly proportional to the concentration.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">The conductivity of a solution is equal to the sum of conductivities of the salt and the solvent.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">If these laws are not observed, it must be due to a chemical reaction between the substances including the solvent.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">The electrical resistance rises with increasing viscosity, complexity of the ion, and the molecular mass of the solvent. (incorrect)

His work even impressed Wilhelm Ostwald and Jaco <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block">bus Henricus van't Hoff, who have now become the a few of the founding fathers of physical chemistry. Later he was offered a position in Riga, Latvia, by Ostwald, but due to his fathers illness he had to tuen that oppurtunity down. Luckely he was given a post in Sweden and later a travel grant from the Swedish Academy that gave him the oppurtunity to work with Ostwalk and van't Hoff. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block"> **__Awards/accomplishments__** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> >
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">Awarded a t <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">ravelling fellowship from the Academy of Scie <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">nces which enabled him to work in 1886 with Ostwald in Riga and with Kohlrausch in Würzburg.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">Nobel prize for chemistry
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">In 1895 he became Professor of Physics at Stockholms Högskola
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">1905 he decided to start a Nobel Institute for Physical chemistry with Arrhenius as it's chief
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">In 1900 Arrhenius published his //Lärobok i teoretisk elektrokemi// (Textbook of theoretical electrochemistry)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">1906 followed //Theorien der Chemie// (Theories of Chemistry) and Immunochemistry and in 1918 the Silliman lectures Theories of solutions
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">was elected a Foreign member of the Royal Society in 1911
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">was awarded the Society's Davy medal and also the Faraday Medal of the Chemical Society (1914)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">Among the many tokens of distinction that he received were honorary degrees from the Universities of Birmingham, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Greifswald, Groningen, Heidelberg, Leipzig and Oxford.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">In 1905 he made a prediction that carbon dioxide emission from the burning of fossil fuels would cause global warming

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(17, 90, 47); text-align: center; display: block"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(17, 90, 47); text-align: center; font-size: 200%">__Interesting Facts__
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> In an extension of his ionic theory Arrhenius proposed definitions for acids and bases
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> neither Bronsted nor Lewis received the Nobel Prize for continuing the work on the theory of acids and bases and for expanding the definition of these substances
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> 1889 he introduced the concept of activation energy as the critical energy that chemicals need to react
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> Arrhenius was a genial, energetic man who made many friends on his visits abroad
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> He had an excellent memory
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> He loved nature, and could care less about fine arts and literature
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> He was happy in his family life and work
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"> He was married twice, once in 1894 to Sofia Rudbeck, and he has a son with her and in 1905 he married once again to Maria Johansson, and he had one son and two daughters with her

__<span style="font-size: 200%; font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(17, 90, 47); text-align: center; display: block"> <span style="font-size: 200%; font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(17, 90, 47); text-align: center; display: block">Pictures! __ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif">



<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(17, 90, 47); text-align: center; font-size: 200%">References/Sources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/arrhenius-bio.html http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/arrhenius.htm [|http://home.nvg.org/~endresen/arrhenius.html] [|http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36084/Svante-August-Arrhenius#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Svante%20August%20Arrhenius%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia] __[|http://www.todayinsci.com/A/Arrhenius_Svante/ArrheniusSvante-Quotations.ht]<span style="font-size: 300%; font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(243, 130, 218); text-align: center; display: block"> http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/arrhenius.htm__

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