Johannes+Diderik+van+der+Waals

This  is the chemist, my group and I will be researching; my group includes; Travis Carpenter, Geo Byers, Alex Wong Victor Singh, and I, Dustin McGladrey.

 Van der Waals studied the kinetic theory of gases and fluids and in 1873 presented his influential doctoral thesis, //On the Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous States//. (OrOver de Continuïteit van den Gas - en Vloeistoftoestand)  He wanted to make an equation that applied to "real" gases. (Unlike the Boyle–Charles law that only applies to "ideal" gases  which have no attractive forces between them and have zero volume themselves). However, molecules do have attractive forces and volume, no matter how small, so van der Waals made two more variables to represent this. In 1880, he put forward the Law of Corresponding States, an equation that relates the pressure, volume, and absolute temperature of a gas, and took into account the minute size of molecules, and their intermolecular attraction “Van der Waals forces": //RT =// ( //P + av//-2)( //v − b//). //R// is the gas constant (which would be 0.0831451 if it was done in bars, for those scuba divers out there), //T// is the absolute temperature, //P// is the pressure, //v// is the volume, and //a// and //b// are constants, which had to be different for each gas. The three constants //a//, //b//<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">, and //R//<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif"> in the equation, can be expressed as the critical quantities (volume, temperature, and pressure) of a particular substance. Initially these variables had to be different for each gas because the size of the molecules and the force between them is different, but van der Waals made the Law of Corresponding States which has the same variables for all gases. His formulas let James Dewar and Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes work out ways of liquefying the permanent gases. This was the guide which led to the liquefaction of hydrogen by J. Dewar in 1898 and of helium by <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">H. Kamerlingh Onnes <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif"> in 1908. He wrote in 1910 "that Van der Waals' studies have always been considered as a magic wand for carrying out experiments and that the Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden has developed under the influence of his theories ". <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif"> In 1890, He also related his thesis with the Second Law of Thermal Dynamics (Pressure, density, and particularly temperature differences, all tend to equalize if given the opportunity) and was able to make a graph of the mathematical formulas in the form of the "Psi-surface". This was his "Theory of Binary Solutions", which gave rise to many experiments, the first being carried out by J. P. Kuenen, who found characteristics of critical phenomena fully predictable by the theory. Van der Waals also made a thermodynamic theory of capillarity in 1893, where he accepted the existence of a gradual, and very rapid, change of density at the boundary between liquid and gas. This is the law of physics that came from van der Waals' arduous work: The Law of Continuity - the principle that nothing passes from one state to another without passing through all the intermediate states.

Johannes Diderik van der Waals was born in Leiden, the Netherlands on November 23, 1837 and pasted away on March 8, 1923. He married to Anna Magdalena Smit, in 1864, and had three daughters, Anne Madeleine, Jacqueline Elisabeth, Johanna Diderica and one son, Johannes Diderik Jr. The son was a Professor of Physics at Groningen University 1903-08, and succeeded his father in the Physics Chair of the University of Amsterdam <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">After finishing basic schooling at the age of 15 he became an apprentice at an elementary school in Leyden. In 1862, while still teaching, He studied at Leyden University in his spare time to gain his teaching certificates in math and physics. He first taught at a school in Deventer in 1864, then in The Hague in 1866, first as teacher and later as Director of one of the secondary schools in that town. New rules which stated that students in science didn't need prior studying in the classical languages let Van der Waals take university exams. He had physics with Professor Rijke, who would be thesis advisor to Van der Waals for two strenuous years to study for the required examinations. In 1873 he obtained his doctor's degree in physics for a thesis titled //Over de Continuïteit van den Gas - en Vloeistoftoestand// (On the continuity of the gas and liquid state), here he put forward the "Equation of State", where he could demonstrate that liquids and gases could change from one to the other, and that they have many common traits. These equations put van der Waals into the ranks of the leading physicists at the time. Many papers were published in the //Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences//<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif"> and in the //Archives Néerlandaises// about van der Walls theory. They were also translated into other languages. 1877 the forty year old high school teacher was appointed the first and only professor of physics at the newly founded University of Amsterdam. In 1880 he had a paper published entitled the Law of Corresponding States. In 1890 he put forward the Theory of Binary Solutions, by relating his equation of state with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Johannes Diderik van der Waals finally retired in 1908. Throughout his life Van der Waals was the recipient of numerous awards, of which the following should be particularly mentioned: He received an honorary doctorate in physics from the University of Cambridge, was made honorary member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow, corresponding member of the Institut de France and the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin; associate member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium, and foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., and of the Accademia dei Lincei of Rome. Finally, in 1910, he received the Nobel Prize in 1910 in physics for his studies of the physical state of liquids and gases.

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">The van der Waal crater and satellite craters that surround it are located on the far side of the moon. This crater, named after the Dutch physicist Johannes Diderik van der Waals has a diameter of 104 km and is located at 43.9° S, 119.9° E.

Waals Craters ||  ||~ Latitude ||~ Longitude ||~ Diameter || || 41.0° S || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">121.0° E || 17 km || ||  || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">40.5° S || 123.6° E || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">24 km || || 44.3° S || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">121.7° E || 31 km || ||  || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">45.8° S || 122.0° E || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">55 km || || 41.3° S || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">117.1° E || 46 km ||
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">-Van der Waals, Johannes Diderik (1837-1923), http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/biographies/MainBiographies/V/VanDer/Vander%20Waals.htm,<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921. , September 19, 2008 -Who was Van der Waals anyway and what has he to do with my Nitrox fill?,[| http://www.combro.co.uk/nigelh/diver/vdw.html],September 19, 2008 -Van der Waals Forces,http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521839068&ss=exc,V. Adrian Parsegian, September 19,2008 -Scientistof the Dutch School,http://www.knaw.nl/waals/waals.html<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">September 19, 2008 <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">-Johannes Diderik van der Waals <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/waals-bio.html, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">From //Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921// <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif">, September 25, 2008